What are the ten lost tribes of Israel?
The ten lost tribes of Israel refer to the ten of the twelve tribes of ancient Israel that were said to have been deported from the Kingdom of Israel after it was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire around 722 BCE. These tribes are:
1. Reuben
2. Simeon
3. Dan
4. Naphtali
5. Gad
6. Asher
7. Issachar
8. Zebulun
9. Manasseh
10. Ephraim
The remaining two tribes, Judah and Benjamin, along with some members of the priestly tribe of Levi, formed the southern Kingdom of Judah.
According to the Bible, the ten tribes were exiled to various locations including Halah, Habor, the cities of the Medes, and along the Gozan River. These areas are generally understood to be in parts of modern-day Syria, Iraq, and Iran.
The ultimate fate of the ten lost tribes is a matter of much speculation. The Jewish historian Josephus wrote in the 1st century CE that the ten tribes existed in great numbers beyond the Euphrates River. Some legends state they were exiled beyond the mythical Sambatyon River and have been unable to return.
Over the centuries, many groups around the world have claimed descent from the lost tribes, including the Pashtun tribes of Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Igbo Jews of Nigeria, and the Beta Israel of Ethiopia, among others. However, most historians believe the deported tribes were assimilated into the local populations of the lands to which they were exiled.
Jewish tradition maintains that the ten lost tribes will return to Israel with the coming of the Messiah. So while considered "lost" to history, they are not considered lost permanently or irretrievably in Jewish theology. The search for the lost tribes continues to fascinate many to this day.