Analyzing differences in Ishmael and Isaac stories in the Bible: focusing on age and sacrifice

Here is how the Jewish scribe manipulated Ishmael's story:

1. The age of Ishmael at the time of his departure from Abraham's house.

2. Abraham's son, who was offered as a sacrifice.

Some people think that Ishmael, when sent away by Abraham in the Torah, was just a young child, not a teenager, based on the phrase "and he grew" in Genesis 21, verse 20. They point out that the Hebrew word "yelid" is used for both Ishmael and baby Moses (Exodus 2, verse 6). How do they explain this argument?

The argument is articulated by pointing out the use of the Hebrew word "yelid" in both Genesis 21, verses 14 to 15, and Exodus 2, verse 6. In these verses, "yelid" is used to describe both Ishmael and infant Moses. Supporters of the argument claim that since "yelid" is used to describe Moses when he was an infant, it should also be understood to mean that Ishmael was still a young child in Genesis 21, verse 20.

Additionally, the phrase "and he grew" in Genesis 21, verse 20, is interpreted by some to imply that Ishmael was still in the process of growing and developing, suggesting a younger age. They argue that if Ishmael were already a teenager or older, it would not be necessary to mention his growth.

It should be noted, however, that interpretations of biblical texts can vary, and different scholars or readers may have different understandings of the intended meaning.

Why are the statements about Abraham wanting to sacrifice his son in Genesis 22, verse 2, and verse 16 problematic? In one case, the son is referred to as "the only," while in the other, the name of the son is not mentioned.


The story of Abraham being tested to sacrifice his son in Genesis 22 has raised some interpretative questions and concerns among readers. Specifically, the statements as mentioned in verses 2 and 16 are problematic for a couple of reasons.

First, in Genesis 22, verse 2, when God calls Abraham to sacrifice his son, Isaac is described as "your only son." However, this raises a discrepancy because at that point, Abraham already had an older son named Ishmael, born to Hagar. Ishmael was not mentioned in this context, leading to confusion regarding why Isaac was referred to as the "only" son. This linguistic inconsistency has led some scholars to suggest that the story might have been composed independently from other narratives that mention Ishmael.

Secondly, in Genesis 22, verse 16, after Abraham successfully passes the test and God intervenes by providing a ram as a substitute sacrifice, God blesses Abraham and says, "because you have not withheld your son, your only son." This repetition of "your only son" raises another concern since Isaac's name is not mentioned. It seems that the narrative originally presents the unnamed and only son of Abraham, alluding to Ishmael who lived as Abraham's only son for almost 14 years before Isaac was born.

These discrepancies may be due to several factors, such as different sources or traditions being woven together, intentional theological messaging, or even potential editorial modifications over time. Scholars have examined these issues and proposed various explanations to reconcile the inconsistencies, but it remains a topic of debate and interpretation.

Ultimately, the problematic nature of these statements arises from the textual and narrative intricacies within the story, which have led to questions about authorship, redaction, and theological implications.

Hagar in Islamic Tradition

In Islamic tradition, Hagar, known as Hajar in Arabic, holds a significant and revered position. Her story is prominently featured in various Hadith (sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad) and Islamic teachings. Here are some key aspects of what Hadith and Islamic tradition say about Hagar:

1. Hagar and Ishmael in the Desert:

One of the most well-known stories involving Hagar is her journey to the desert with her infant son Ishmael. According to Hadith, Abraham was commanded by God to leave Hagar and her baby in the barren desert of Mecca. Hagar's trust in God and her perseverance are highlighted in this story.

A significant Hadith from Sahih Bukhari describes Hagar running between the hills of Safa and Marwah in search of water for her infant son Ishmael. This event is commemorated in the Sa'i ritual, part of the Hajj pilgrimage, where pilgrims re-enact her search for water.

2. The Well of Zamzam:

Islamic tradition holds that as Hagar searched desperately for water, the angel Jibril (Gabriel) struck the ground, and the well of Zamzam miraculously sprang forth. This well provided water for Hagar and Ishmael, and it remains a significant site in Islam to this day. This story is also recounted in Sahih Bukhari.

3. Hagar’s Faith and Patience:

Hagar is often praised in Hadith and Islamic literature for her unwavering faith, patience, and devotion. Her story is used to exemplify trust in God's plan and the importance of perseverance in the face of hardship.

4. Role in Islamic Rituals:

As mentioned, the Sa'i ritual in Hajj, where pilgrims walk between Safa and Marwah, directly commemorates Hagar’s search for water. This act is a testament to her endurance and faith.

Example Hadith:

Sahih Bukhari 3364:

Narrated by Ibn Abbas: The first lady to use a girdle was the mother of Ishmael. She used a girdle so that she might hide her tracks from Sarah. Abraham brought her and her son Ishmael while she was suckling him, to a place near the Ka'ba under a tree on the spot of Zamzam, at the highest place in the mosque. During those days, there was nobody in Mecca, nor was there any water there. So he made them sit over there and placed near them a leather bag containing some dates, and a small water-skin containing some water, and set out homeward.

Hagar followed him, saying, "O Abraham! Where are you going, leaving us in this valley where there is no person whose company we may enjoy, nor is there anything (to enjoy)?" She repeated that to him many times, but he did not look back at her. Then she asked him, "Has Allah ordered you to do so?"

Abraham said, "Yes." Hagar said, "Then Allah will not neglect us," and returned while Abraham proceeded onwards, and on reaching Thaniya where they could not see him, Abraham faced the Ka'ba, and raising both hands, invoked Allah saying the following prayers: "O our Lord! I have made some of my offspring dwell in a valley without cultivation, by Your Sacred House (Ka'ba at Mecca) in order, O our Lord, that they may offer prayer perfectly. So fill some hearts among men with love towards them, and (O Allah) provide them with fruits so that they may give thanks."

Conclusion:

Hagar’s story in Islamic tradition is one of profound faith, resilience, and trust in God's providence. Her experiences are integral to several Islamic rituals and continue to inspire Muslims around the world.